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‎01_calculator/ast.html

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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
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<html lang="en" class="light" dir="ltr">
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<head>
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<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="description" content="">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
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<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
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<link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../theme/custom.css">
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</head>
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<body>
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<body class="sidebar-visible no-js">
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<div id="body-container">
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<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
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<script>
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try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
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if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
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var html = document.querySelector('html');
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html.classList.remove('no-js')
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html.classList.remove('light')
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html.classList.add(theme);
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html.classList.add('js');
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var body = document.querySelector('body');
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body.classList.remove('no-js')
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</script>
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<input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">
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<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
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<script>
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var html = document.querySelector('html');
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var body = document.querySelector('body');
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var sidebar = null;
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var sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor");
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if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
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try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
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sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
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} else {
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sidebar = 'hidden';
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}
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html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
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html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
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sidebar_toggle.checked = sidebar === 'visible';
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body.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
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body.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
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</script>
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../crash_course.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Crash Course on Computing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/calc_intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Calculator</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/grammar_lexer_parser.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Grammar, Lexer and Parser</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/ast.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) and Interpreter</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/jit_intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler with LLVM</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/basic_llvm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.1.</strong> Basic Example</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/ast_traversal.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.2.</strong> AST Traversal Patterns</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/exercise.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Exercises</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/vm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Virtual Machine (VM), Bytecode and Interpreter</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../01_calculator/repl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Read-Eval-Print Loop (REPL)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Firstlang</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Static Typing and Type Inference</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Object System and Object Oriented Language</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> TENTATIVE: Mini Standard Library</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Resources</div></li></ol>
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</div>
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</div>
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</nav>
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<!-- Track and set sidebar scroll position -->
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<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
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<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky">
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<div class="left-buttons">
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<button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
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<label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
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<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
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</button>
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</label>
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<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
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<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
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</button>
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<div id="content" class="content">
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<main>
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<h2 id="abstract-syntax-tree-ast"><a class="header" href="#abstract-syntax-tree-ast">Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)</a></h2>
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<p>AST comes into picture when we want to go from the string representation of our program like <code>&quot;-1&quot;</code> or <code>&quot;1 + 2&quot;</code> to something more manageable and easier to work with. Since our program is not a random string (the grammar is for), we can use the structure within the expressions <code>&quot;-1&quot;</code> and <code>&quot;1 + 2&quot;</code> to our own advantage and come up with a <em>new representation</em> like a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_structure">tree</a></p>
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<p>AST comes into picture when we want to go from the string representation of our program like <code>"-1"</code> or <code>"1 + 2"</code> to something more manageable and easier to work with. Since our program is not a random string (the grammar is for), we can use the structure within the expressions <code>"-1"</code> and <code>"1 + 2"</code> to our own advantage and come up with a <em>new representation</em> like a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_structure">tree</a></p>
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<p align="center">
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</br>
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<a href><img alt="ast" src="../img/ast.svg"> </a>
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</code></pre>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>So for example, the expression <code>&quot;-1 + (2 + 3)&quot;</code> has this recursive structure</p>
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<p>So for example, the expression <code>"-1 + (2 + 3)"</code> has this recursive structure</p>
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<p align="center">
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</br>
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<a href><img alt="compiler" src="../img/ast_recursive.svg"> </a>
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fn from_ast(ast: Vec&lt;Node&gt;) -&gt; Self::Output;
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fn from_source(source: &amp;str) -&gt; Self::Output {
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println!(&quot;Compiling the source: {}&quot;, source);
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println!("Compiling the source: {}", source);
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let ast: Vec&lt;Node&gt; = parser::parse(source).unwrap();
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println!(&quot;{:?}&quot;, ast);
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println!("{:?}", ast);
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Self::from_ast(ast)
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}
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}</code></pre>
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="filename">Filename: calculator/src/compiler/interpreter.rs</span></p>
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<p>and test</p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">assert_eq!(Interpreter::from_source(&quot;1 + 2&quot;).unwrap(), 3);</code></pre>
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<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">assert_eq!(Interpreter::from_source("1 + 2").unwrap(), 3);</code></pre>
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<p>Run such tests locally with</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text">cargo test interpreter --tests
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</code></pre>
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</a>
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<a rel="next" href="../01_calculator/jit_intro.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
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