diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION
index 387351da..f4014b54 100644
--- a/DESCRIPTION
+++ b/DESCRIPTION
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ Imports:
     DiceDesign,
     dplyr (>= 0.8.5),
     glue,
-    hardhat (>= 0.1.6.9000),
+    hardhat (>= 0.2.0),
     lifecycle,
     purrr,
-    rlang,
+    rlang (>= 1.0.1),
     tibble,
     utils,
-    vctrs (>= 0.3.1),
+    vctrs (>= 0.3.8),
     withr
 Suggests: 
     covr,
diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index 0f091f47..0fa08369 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -214,6 +214,8 @@ importFrom(purrr,map_chr)
 importFrom(purrr,map_dbl)
 importFrom(purrr,map_dfc)
 importFrom(purrr,map_lgl)
+importFrom(rlang,caller_env)
+importFrom(rlang,check_dots_empty)
 importFrom(rlang,enquo)
 importFrom(rlang,eval_tidy)
 importFrom(rlang,is_string)
diff --git a/R/0_imports.R b/R/0_imports.R
index aa2cca30..abae38b4 100644
--- a/R/0_imports.R
+++ b/R/0_imports.R
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #' @importFrom purrr map_lgl map2_dfc map_chr map map2 map_dfc map_dbl
 #' @importFrom DiceDesign dmaxDesign lhsDesign
 #' @importFrom rlang quos eval_tidy quo_get_expr is_string enquo quo_is_null
+#' @importFrom rlang caller_env check_dots_empty
 #' @importFrom tibble as_tibble is_tibble tibble type_sum
 #' @importFrom scales log2_trans is.trans log10_trans
 #' @importFrom utils installed.packages globalVariables
diff --git a/R/aaa_unknown.R b/R/aaa_unknown.R
index ec8b4187..9579eefc 100644
--- a/R/aaa_unknown.R
+++ b/R/aaa_unknown.R
@@ -77,13 +77,12 @@ has_unknowns_val <- function(object) {
   any(rng_check) | any(val_check)
 }
 
-check_for_unknowns <- function(x, label = "") {
-  err_txt <- paste0("Unknowns not allowed in `", label, "`.")
+check_for_unknowns <- function(x, ..., call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty()
   if (length(x) == 1 && is_unknown(x))
-    rlang::abort(err_txt)
+    rlang::abort("Unknowns not allowed.", call = call)
   is_ukn <- map_lgl(x, is_unknown)
   if (any(is_ukn))
-    rlang::abort(err_txt)
+    rlang::abort("Unknowns not allowed.", call = call)
   invisible(TRUE)
 }
-
diff --git a/R/aaa_values.R b/R/aaa_values.R
index 956883c2..b2c30de6 100644
--- a/R/aaa_values.R
+++ b/R/aaa_values.R
@@ -86,9 +86,10 @@ value_validate <- function(object, values) {
 
 }
 
-value_validate_quant <- function(object, values) {
-  check_for_unknowns(object$range, "value_validate")
-  check_for_unknowns(values, "value_validate")
+value_validate_quant <- function(object, values, ..., call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty()
+  check_for_unknowns(object$range, call = call)
+  check_for_unknowns(values, call = call)
 
   is_valid <- rep(TRUE, length(values))
 
@@ -112,9 +113,10 @@ value_validate_quant <- function(object, values) {
   is_valid
 }
 
-value_validate_qual <- function(object, values) {
-  check_for_unknowns(object$range, "value_validate")
-  check_for_unknowns(values, "value_validate")
+value_validate_qual <- function(object, values, ..., call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty()
+  check_for_unknowns(object$range)
+  check_for_unknowns(values)
 
   res <- values %in% object$values
   res[is.na(res)] <- FALSE
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@ value_samp_qual <- function(object, n) {
 #' @export
 #' @rdname value_validate
 value_transform <- function(object, values) {
-  check_for_unknowns(values, "value_transform")
+  check_for_unknowns(values)
 
   if (is.null(object$trans))
     return(values)
@@ -288,7 +290,7 @@ trans_wrap <- function(x, object) {
 #' @export
 #' @rdname value_validate
 value_inverse <- function(object, values) {
-  check_for_unknowns(values, "value_inverse")
+  check_for_unknowns(values)
 
   if (is.null(object$trans))
     return(values)
@@ -306,7 +308,7 @@ inv_wrap <- function(x, object) {
 #' @export
 #' @rdname value_validate
 value_set <- function(object, values) {
-  check_for_unknowns(values, "value_set")
+  check_for_unknowns(values)
   if (length(values) == 0)
     rlang::abort("`values` should at least one element.")
   if (!inherits(object, "param"))
diff --git a/R/compat-vctrs-helpers-parameters.R b/R/compat-vctrs-helpers-parameters.R
index 34b66103..e0c4037e 100644
--- a/R/compat-vctrs-helpers-parameters.R
+++ b/R/compat-vctrs-helpers-parameters.R
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ tib_upcast <- function(x) {
 
 df_size <- function(x) {
   if (!is.list(x)) {
-    rlang::abort("Cannot get the df size of a non-list.")
+    rlang::abort("Cannot get the df size of a non-list.", .internal = TRUE)
   }
 
   if (length(x) == 0L) {
diff --git a/R/encode_unit.R b/R/encode_unit.R
index c9a68d6d..89fe2346 100644
--- a/R/encode_unit.R
+++ b/R/encode_unit.R
@@ -15,25 +15,26 @@
 #' @export
 encode_unit <- function(x, value, direction, ...) {
   if (!any(direction %in% c("forward", "backward"))) {
-    rlang::abort("`direction` should be either 'forward' or 'backward'")
+    rlang::abort("`direction` should be either 'forward' or 'backward'",
+                 .internal = TRUE)
   }
   UseMethod("encode_unit")
 }
 
 #' @export
 encode_unit.default <- function(x, value, direction, ...) {
-  rlang::abort("`x` should be a dials parameter object.")
+  rlang::abort("`x` should be a dials parameter object.", .internal = TRUE)
 }
 
 #' @export
 encode_unit.quant_param <- function(x, value, direction, original = TRUE, ...) {
 
   if (has_unknowns(x)) {
-    rlang::abort("The parameter object contains unknowns.")
+    rlang::abort("The parameter object contains unknowns.", .internal = TRUE)
   }
 
   if (!is.numeric(value) || is.matrix(value)) {
-    rlang::abort("`value` should be a numeric vector.")
+    rlang::abort("`value` should be a numeric vector.", .internal = TRUE)
   }
 
   param_rng <- x$range$upper - x$range$lower
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ encode_unit.quant_param <- function(x, value, direction, original = TRUE, ...) {
 
     compl <- value[!is.na(value)]
     if (any(compl < 0) | any(compl > 1)) {
-      rlang::abort("Values should be on [0, 1].")
+      rlang::abort("Values should be on [0, 1].", .internal = TRUE)
     }
 
     value <- (value * param_rng) + x$range$lower
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ encode_unit.quant_param <- function(x, value, direction, original = TRUE, ...) {
 encode_unit.qual_param <- function(x, value, direction, ...) {
 
   if (has_unknowns(x)) {
-    rlang::abort("The parameter object contains unknowns.")
+    rlang::abort("The parameter object contains unknowns.", .internal = TRUE)
   }
 
   ref_vals <- x$values
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ encode_unit.qual_param <- function(x, value, direction, ...) {
     # convert to [0, 1]
 
     if (!is.character(value) || is.matrix(value)) {
-      rlang::abort("`value` should be a character vector.")
+      rlang::abort("`value` should be a character vector.", .internal = TRUE)
     }
 
     compl <- value[!is.na(value)]
@@ -96,11 +97,11 @@ encode_unit.qual_param <- function(x, value, direction, ...) {
 
     compl <- value[!is.na(value)]
     if (any(compl < 0) | any(compl > 1)) {
-      rlang::abort("Values should be on [0, 1].")
+      rlang::abort("Values should be on [0, 1].", .internal = TRUE)
     }
 
     if (!is.numeric(value) || is.matrix(value)) {
-      rlang::abort("`value` should be a numeric vector.")
+      rlang::abort("`value` should be a numeric vector.", .internal = TRUE)
     }
 
     ind <- cut(value, breaks = seq(0, 1, length.out = num_lvl + 1), include.lowest = TRUE)
diff --git a/R/extract.R b/R/extract.R
index c71fdb82..4536d297 100644
--- a/R/extract.R
+++ b/R/extract.R
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #' @export
 extract_parameter_dials.parameters <- function(x, parameter, ...) {
-  dots <- rlang::quos(...)
-  if (!rlang::is_empty(dots))
-    rlang::abort("The `...` are not used with `extract_parameter_dials()`.")
+  check_dots_empty()
   if (any(rlang::is_missing(parameter)) ||
       any(!is.character(parameter)) ||
       length(parameter) != 1 ||
diff --git a/R/finalize.R b/R/finalize.R
index 7493e43d..1a1115db 100644
--- a/R/finalize.R
+++ b/R/finalize.R
@@ -179,6 +179,8 @@ get_log_p <- function(object, x, ...) {
 #' @export
 #' @rdname finalize
 get_n_frac <- function(object, x, log_vals = FALSE, frac = 1/3, ...) {
+  if (!inherits(object, "param"))
+    rlang::abort("`object` should be a 'param' object.")
   rngs <- range_get(object, original = FALSE)
   if (!is_unknown(rngs$upper))
     return(object)
@@ -267,4 +269,3 @@ get_batch_sizes  <- function(object, x, frac = c(1/10, 1/3), ...) {
 
   range_set(object, n_frac)
 }
-
diff --git a/R/grids.R b/R/grids.R
index 18ef2dd8..cfd7b1ed 100644
--- a/R/grids.R
+++ b/R/grids.R
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ grid_regular.workflow <- function(x, ..., levels = 3, original = TRUE, filter =
   grid_regular.parameters(parameters(x), ..., levels = levels, original = original, filter = {{filter}})
 }
 
-make_regular_grid <- function(..., levels = 3, original = TRUE, filter = NULL) {
-  validate_params(...)
+make_regular_grid <- function(..., levels = 3, original = TRUE, filter = NULL, call = caller_env()) {
+  validate_params(..., call = call)
   filter_quo <- enquo(filter)
   param_quos <- quos(...)
   params <- map(param_quos, eval_tidy)
@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@ make_regular_grid <- function(..., levels = 3, original = TRUE, filter = NULL) {
   p <- length(levels)
   if (p > 1 && p != length(param_quos))
     rlang::abort(
-      paste0("`levels` should have length 1 or ", length(param_quos))
+      paste0("`levels` should have length 1 or ", length(param_quos)),
+      call = call
     )
 
   if (p == 1) {
@@ -116,7 +117,10 @@ make_regular_grid <- function(..., levels = 3, original = TRUE, filter = NULL) {
     if (all(rlang::has_name(levels, names(params)))) {
       levels <- levels[names(params)]
     } else if (any(rlang::has_name(levels, names(params)))) {
-      rlang::abort("Elements of `levels` should either be all named or unnamed, not mixed.")
+      rlang::abort(
+        "Elements of `levels` should either be all named or unnamed, not mixed.",
+        call = call
+      )
     }
     param_seq <- map2(params, as.list(levels), value_seq, original = original)
   }
@@ -185,8 +189,8 @@ grid_random.workflow <- function(x, ..., size = 5, original = TRUE, filter = NUL
 }
 
 
-make_random_grid <- function(..., size = 5, original = TRUE, filter = NULL) {
-  validate_params(...)
+make_random_grid <- function(..., size = 5, original = TRUE, filter = NULL, call = caller_env()) {
+  validate_params(..., call = call)
   filter_quo <- enquo(filter)
   param_quos <- quos(...)
   params <- map(param_quos, eval_tidy)
diff --git a/R/misc.R b/R/misc.R
index ad513933..c6858078 100644
--- a/R/misc.R
+++ b/R/misc.R
@@ -45,23 +45,35 @@ check_installs <- function(x) {
 
 # checking functions -----------------------------------------------------------
 
-check_label <- function(txt) {
+check_label <- function(txt, ..., call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty()
   if (is.null(txt))
-    rlang::abort("`label` should be a single named character string or NULL.")
+    rlang::abort(
+      "`label` should be a single named character string or NULL.",
+      call = call
+    )
   if (!is.character(txt) || length(txt) > 1)
-    rlang::abort("`label` should be a single named character string or NULL.")
+    rlang::abort(
+      "`label` should be a single named character string or NULL.",
+      call = call
+    )
   if (length(names(txt)) != 1)
-    rlang::abort("`label` should be a single named character string or NULL.")
+    rlang::abort(
+      "`label` should be a single named character string or NULL.",
+      call = call
+    )
   invisible(txt)
 }
 
-check_finalize <- function(x) {
+check_finalize <- function(x, ..., call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty()
   if (!is.null(x) & !is.function(x))
-    rlang::abort("`finalize` should be NULL or a function.")
+    rlang::abort("`finalize` should be NULL or a function.", call = call)
   invisible(x)
 }
 
-check_range <- function(x, type, trans) {
+check_range <- function(x, type, trans, ..., call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty()
   if (!is.null(trans)) {
     return(invisible(x))
   }
@@ -85,7 +97,7 @@ check_range <- function(x, type, trans) {
           "An integer is required for the range and these do not appear to be ",
           "whole numbers: ", msg
         )
-        rlang::abort(msg)
+        rlang::abort(msg, call = call)
       }
 
       x0[known] <- as.integer(x0[known])
@@ -93,7 +105,7 @@ check_range <- function(x, type, trans) {
       msg <- paste0(
         "Since `type = '", type, "'`, please use that data type for the range."
       )
-      rlang::abort(msg)
+      rlang::abort(msg, call = call)
     }
   }
   invisible(x0)
diff --git a/R/parameters.R b/R/parameters.R
index cf63cf5a..ee1fb40f 100644
--- a/R/parameters.R
+++ b/R/parameters.R
@@ -49,22 +49,26 @@ parameters.list <- function(x, ...) {
   )
 }
 
-chr_check <- function(x) {
+chr_check <- function(x, ..., call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty()
   cl <- match.call()
   if (is.null(x)) {
     rlang::abort(
-      glue::glue("Element `{cl$x}` should not be NULL.")
+      glue::glue("Element `{cl$x}` should not be NULL."),
+      call = call
     )
   }
   if (!is.character(x)) {
     rlang::abort(
-      glue::glue("Element `{cl$x}` should be a character string.")
+      glue::glue("Element `{cl$x}` should be a character string."),
+      call = call
     )
   }
   invisible(TRUE)
 }
 
-unique_check <- function(x) {
+unique_check <- function(x, ..., call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty()
   x2 <- x[!is.na(x)]
   is_dup <- duplicated(x2)
   if (any(is_dup)) {
@@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ unique_check <- function(x) {
     msg <- paste0("Element `", deparse(cl$x), "` should have unique values. Duplicates exist ",
                   "for item(s): ",
                   paste0("'", dup_list, "'", collapse = ", "))
-    rlang::abort(msg)
+    rlang::abort(msg, call = call)
   }
   invisible(TRUE)
 }
diff --git a/R/space_filling.R b/R/space_filling.R
index 27a05898..31e3ab1f 100644
--- a/R/space_filling.R
+++ b/R/space_filling.R
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ grid_max_entropy.workflow <- function(x, ..., size = 3, original = TRUE,
 
 
 make_max_entropy_grid <- function(..., size = 3, original = TRUE,
-                             variogram_range = 0.5, iter = 1000) {
-  validate_params(...)
+                             variogram_range = 0.5, iter = 1000, call = caller_env()) {
+  validate_params(..., call = call)
   param_quos <- quos(...)
   params <- map(param_quos, eval_tidy)
   param_names <- names(param_quos)
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ grid_latin_hypercube.workflow <- function(x, ..., size = 3, original = TRUE) {
 
 
 
-make_latin_hypercube_grid <- function(..., size = 3, original = TRUE) {
-  validate_params(...)
+make_latin_hypercube_grid <- function(..., size = 3, original = TRUE, call = caller_env()) {
+  validate_params(..., call = call)
   param_quos <- quos(...)
   params <- map(param_quos, eval_tidy)
   param_labs <- map_chr(params, function(x) x$label)
diff --git a/R/validation.R b/R/validation.R
index 4334b144..41986753 100644
--- a/R/validation.R
+++ b/R/validation.R
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-validate_params <- function(...) {
+validate_params <- function(..., call = caller_env()) {
   param_quos <- quos(...)
   param_expr <- purrr::map_chr(param_quos, rlang::quo_text)
   if (length(param_quos) == 0) {
-    rlang::abort("At least one parameter object is required.")
+    rlang::abort("At least one parameter object is required.", call = call)
   }
   params <- map(param_quos, eval_tidy)
   is_param <- map_lgl(params, function(x) inherits(x, "param"))
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ validate_params <- function(...) {
       paste0(
         "These arguments must have class 'param': ",
         paste0("`", param_expr[!is_param], "`", collapse = ",")
-      )
+      ),
+      call = call
     )
   }
   bad_param <- has_unknowns(params)
@@ -21,7 +22,8 @@ validate_params <- function(...) {
       paste0(
         "These arguments contains unknowns: ",
         paste0("`", bad_param, "`", collapse = ","),
-        '. See the `finalize()` function.')
+        '. See the `finalize()` function.'),
+      call = call
     )
   }
   invisible(NULL)
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/aaa_unkown.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/aaa_unkown.md
index 9929d51b..e296621f 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/aaa_unkown.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/aaa_unkown.md
@@ -2,111 +2,127 @@
 
     Code
       grid_regular(p1)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_regular()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_regular(p2)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_regular()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_random(p1)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_random()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_random(p2)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_random()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_latin_hypercube(p1)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_latin_hypercube()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_latin_hypercube(p2)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_latin_hypercube()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_max_entropy(p1)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_max_entropy()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_max_entropy(p2)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_max_entropy()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_regular(min_n(), q = mtry())
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_regular()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_regular(mtry())
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_regular()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_random(min_n(), q = mtry())
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_random()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_random(mtry())
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_random()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_regular(min_n(), q = mtry())
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_regular()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_latin_hypercube(mtry())
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_latin_hypercube()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_max_entropy(min_n(), q = mtry())
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_max_entropy()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `q`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       grid_max_entropy(mtry())
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_max_entropy()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/constructors.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/constructors.md
index 9040aacd..c8a6fc69 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/constructors.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/constructors.md
@@ -1,3 +1,131 @@
+# qualitative parameter object creation - bad args
+
+    Code
+      new_qual_param("character", 1:2)
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_qual_param()`:
+      ! `values` must be character
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_qual_param("logical", letters[1:2])
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_qual_param()`:
+      ! `values` must be logical
+
+# quantitative parameter object creation - bad args
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("mucus", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE))
+    Condition
+      Error in `match.arg()`:
+      ! 'arg' should be one of "double", "integer"
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = 1, inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE))
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! `label` should be a single named character string or NULL.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = c(1, NA), inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE))
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! `label` should be a single named character string or NULL.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = c(1, NA), inclusive = TRUE)
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! `inclusive` must have upper and lower values.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = c(1, NA), inclusive = c("(", "]"))
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! `inclusive` should be logical
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = c(1, NA), inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE))
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! `label` should be a single named character string or NULL.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, NA))
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, unknown()))
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE), trans = log)
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! `trans` must be a 'trans' class object (or NULL). See `?scales::trans_new`.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      new_quant_param("double", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE), values = 1:4)
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
+
+# bad args to range_validate
+
+    Code
+      range_validate(mtry(), range = 1)
+    Condition
+      Error in `range_validate()`:
+      ! `range` must have an upper and lower bound. `Inf` and `unknown()` are acceptable values.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      range_validate(mtry(), range = c(1, NA))
+    Condition
+      Error in `range_validate()`:
+      ! Value ranges must be non-missing.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      range_validate(mtry(), range = c(1, unknown()), FALSE)
+    Condition
+      Error in `range_validate()`:
+      ! Cannot validate ranges when they contains 1+ unknown values.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      range_validate(mtry(), range = letters[1:2])
+    Condition
+      Error in `range_validate()`:
+      ! Value ranges must be numeric.
+
 # printing
 
     Code
@@ -29,48 +157,55 @@
 
     Code
       mixture(c(1L, 3L))
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       mixture(c(1L, unknown()))
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       mixture(c(unknown(), 1L))
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       mixture(letters[1:2])
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! Since `type = 'double'`, please use that data type for the range.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       mtry(c(0.1, 0.5))
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      An integer is required for the range and these do not appear to be whole numbers: 0.1, 0.5
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! An integer is required for the range and these do not appear to be whole numbers: 0.1, 0.5
 
 ---
 
     Code
       mtry(c(0.1, unknown()))
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      An integer is required for the range and these do not appear to be whole numbers: 0.1
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! An integer is required for the range and these do not appear to be whole numbers: 0.1
 
 ---
 
     Code
       mtry(c(unknown(), 0.5))
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      An integer is required for the range and these do not appear to be whole numbers: 0.5
+    Condition
+      Error in `new_quant_param()`:
+      ! An integer is required for the range and these do not appear to be whole numbers: 0.5
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/encode_unit.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/encode_unit.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61f7b553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/encode_unit.md
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# bad args
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(2, prune_method()$values, direction = "forward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `x` should be a dials parameter object.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(z, prune_method()$values, direction = "forwards")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `direction` should be either 'forward' or 'backward'
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(x, prune_method()$values, direction = "forward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `value` should be a numeric vector.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(z, 1, direction = "forward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `value` should be a character vector.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(x, matrix(letters[1:4], ncol = 2), direction = "forward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `value` should be a numeric vector.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(x, matrix(1:4, ncol = 2), direction = "forward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `value` should be a numeric vector.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(z, 1, direction = "forward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `value` should be a character vector.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(z, matrix(1:4, ncol = 2), direction = "forward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `value` should be a character vector.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(z, matrix(letters[1:4], ncol = 2), direction = "forward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `value` should be a character vector.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(x, prune_method()$values, direction = "backward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! `value` should be a numeric vector.
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(z, prune_method()$values, direction = "backward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! Values should be on [0, 1].
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(x, 1:2, direction = "backward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! Values should be on [0, 1].
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      encode_unit(z, 1:2, direction = "backward")
+    Condition
+      Error in `encode_unit()`:
+      ! Values should be on [0, 1].
+      i This is an internal error, please report it to the package authors.
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/extract_parameter_dials.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/extract_parameter_dials.md
index c59009b7..73c171f3 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/extract_parameter_dials.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/extract_parameter_dials.md
@@ -2,48 +2,55 @@
 
     Code
       extract_parameter_dials(mod_param, "lambdas")
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      No parameter exists with id 'lambdas'.
+    Condition
+      Error in `extract_parameter_dials()`:
+      ! No parameter exists with id 'lambdas'.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       extract_parameter_dials(mod_param)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `extract_parameter_dials()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       extract_parameter_dials(mod_param, 1)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `extract_parameter_dials()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       extract_parameter_dials(mod_param, 1:2)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `extract_parameter_dials()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       extract_parameter_dials(mod_param, letters[1:2])
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `extract_parameter_dials()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       extract_parameter_dials(mod_param, NA_character_)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `extract_parameter_dials()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       extract_parameter_dials(mod_param, "")
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `extract_parameter_dials()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'parameter' string.
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/finalize.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/finalize.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b33d06e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/finalize.md
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# estimate columns
+
+    Code
+      get_p(1:10)
+    Condition
+      Error in `get_p()`:
+      ! `object` should be a 'param' object.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      get_p(1:10, 1:10)
+    Condition
+      Error in `get_p()`:
+      ! `object` should be a 'param' object.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      get_p(mtry(), 1:10)
+    Condition
+      Error in `get_p()`:
+      ! Cannot determine number of columns. Is `x` a 2D data object?
+
+# estimate rows
+
+    Code
+      get_n(1:10)
+    Condition
+      Error in `get_n_frac()`:
+      ! `object` should be a 'param' object.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      get_n(1:10, 1:10)
+    Condition
+      Error in `get_n_frac()`:
+      ! `object` should be a 'param' object.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      get_n(mtry(), 1:10)
+    Condition
+      Error in `get_n_frac()`:
+      ! Cannot determine number of columns. Is `x` a 2D data object?
+
+# estimate sigma
+
+    Code
+      get_rbf_range(rbf_sigma(), iris)
+    Condition
+      Error in `get_rbf_range()`:
+      ! The matrix version of the initialization data is not numeric.
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/grids.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/grids.md
index f29864b9..4cc10f37 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/grids.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/grids.md
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
+# regular grid
+
+    Code
+      grid_regular(mixture(), trees(), levels = 1:4)
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_regular()`:
+      ! `levels` should have length 1 or 2
+
 # wrong argument name
 
     Code
       grid_latin_hypercube(p, levels = 5)
-    Warning <rlang_warning>
+    Condition
+      Warning:
       `levels` is not an argument to `grid_latin_hypercube()`. Did you mean `size`?
     Output
       # A tibble: 3 x 2
@@ -16,7 +25,8 @@
 
     Code
       grid_max_entropy(p, levels = 5)
-    Warning <rlang_warning>
+    Condition
+      Warning:
       `levels` is not an argument to `grid_max_entropy()`. Did you mean `size`?
     Output
       # A tibble: 3 x 2
@@ -30,7 +40,8 @@
 
     Code
       grid_random(p, levels = 5)
-    Warning <rlang_warning>
+    Condition
+      Warning:
       `levels` is not an argument to `grid_random()`. Did you mean `size`?
     Output
       # A tibble: 5 x 2
@@ -46,7 +57,8 @@
 
     Code
       grid_regular(p, size = 5)
-    Warning <rlang_warning>
+    Condition
+      Warning:
       `size` is not an argument to `grid_regular()`. Did you mean `levels`?
     Output
       # A tibble: 9 x 2
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/misc.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/misc.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e13eaabf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/misc.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# package install checks
+
+    Code
+      dials:::check_installs("pistachio")
+    Condition
+      Error in `dials:::check_installs()`:
+      ! Package(s) not installed: 'pistachio'
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/parameters.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/parameters.md
index b1254252..21cd8dee 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/parameters.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/parameters.md
@@ -2,29 +2,33 @@
 
     Code
       parameters(list(a = mtry(), a = penalty()))
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Element `id` should have unique values. Duplicates exist for item(s): 'a'
+    Condition
+      Error in `parameters_constr()`:
+      ! Element `id` should have unique values. Duplicates exist for item(s): 'a'
 
 # updating
 
     Code
       update(p_1, new_pen)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      All arguments should be named.
+    Condition
+      Error in `update()`:
+      ! All arguments should be named.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       update(p_1, penalty = 1:2)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      At least one parameter is not a dials parameter object or NA: 'penalty'
+    Condition
+      Error in `update()`:
+      ! At least one parameter is not a dials parameter object or NA: 'penalty'
 
 ---
 
     Code
       update(p_1, penalty(), mtry = mtry(3:4))
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      All arguments should be named.
+    Condition
+      Error in `update()`:
+      ! All arguments should be named.
 
 # printing
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/pull_dials_object.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/pull_dials_object.md
index bf8de236..6fd2ba24 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/pull_dials_object.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/pull_dials_object.md
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
     Code
       pull_dials_object(mod_param, "mixture")
-    Warning <lifecycle_warning_deprecated>
+    Condition
+      Warning:
       `pull_dials_object()` was deprecated in dials 0.1.0.
       Please use `hardhat::extract_parameter_dials()` instead.
     Output
@@ -13,48 +14,55 @@
 
     Code
       pull_dials_object(mod_param, "lambdas")
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      No parameter exists with id 'lambdas'.
+    Condition
+      Error in `pull_dials_object()`:
+      ! No parameter exists with id 'lambdas'.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       pull_dials_object(mod_param)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'id' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `pull_dials_object()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'id' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       pull_dials_object(mod_param, 1)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'id' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `pull_dials_object()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'id' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       pull_dials_object(mod_param, 1:2)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'id' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `pull_dials_object()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'id' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       pull_dials_object(mod_param, letters[1:2])
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'id' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `pull_dials_object()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'id' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       pull_dials_object(mod_param, NA_character_)
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'id' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `pull_dials_object()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'id' string.
 
 ---
 
     Code
       pull_dials_object(mod_param, "")
-    Error <rlang_error>
-      Please supply a single 'id' string.
+    Condition
+      Error in `pull_dials_object()`:
+      ! Please supply a single 'id' string.
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/space_filling.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/space_filling.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..445b2c7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/space_filling.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# max entropy designs
+
+    Code
+      grid_max_entropy(mtry(), size = 11, original = FALSE)
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_max_entropy()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+
+# latin square designs
+
+    Code
+      grid_latin_hypercube(mtry(), size = 11, original = FALSE)
+    Condition
+      Error in `grid_latin_hypercube()`:
+      ! These arguments contains unknowns: `mtry`. See the `finalize()` function.
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/values.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/values.md
index 8d9543f4..4368091c 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/values.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/values.md
@@ -1,9 +1,50 @@
+# transforms with unknowns
+
+    Code
+      value_transform(penalty(), unknown())
+    Condition
+      Error in `value_transform()`:
+      ! Unknowns not allowed.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      value_transform(penalty(), c(unknown(), 1, unknown()))
+    Condition
+      Error in `value_transform()`:
+      ! Unknowns not allowed.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      value_inverse(penalty(), unknown())
+    Condition
+      Error in `value_inverse()`:
+      ! Unknowns not allowed.
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      value_inverse(penalty(), c(unknown(), 1, unknown()))
+    Condition
+      Error in `value_inverse()`:
+      ! Unknowns not allowed.
+
 # transforms
 
     Code
       value_object <- value_transform(penalty(), -1:3)
-    Warning <simpleWarning>
+    Condition
+      Warning in `log()`:
       NaNs produced
     Code
       value_expected <- c(NaN, -Inf, log10(1:3))
 
+# validate unknowns
+
+    Code
+      value_validate(mtry(), 17)
+    Condition
+      Error in `value_validate()`:
+      ! Unknowns not allowed.
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-constructors.R b/tests/testthat/test-constructors.R
index 546e31fe..cb94d675 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-constructors.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-constructors.R
@@ -1,59 +1,59 @@
 
 test_that('qualitative parameter object creation - bad args', {
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_qual_param("character", 1:2)
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_qual_param("logical", letters[1:2])
   )
 })
 
 
 test_that('quantitative parameter object creation - bad args', {
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("mucus", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = 1, inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = c(1, NA), inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = c(1, NA), inclusive = TRUE)
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = c(1, NA), inclusive = c("(", "]"))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = c(1, NA), inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, NA))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, unknown()))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE), trans = log)
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     new_quant_param("double", range = 1:2, inclusive = c(TRUE, TRUE), values = 1:4)
   )
 })
 
 
 test_that('bad args to range_validate', {
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     range_validate(mtry(), range = 1)
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     range_validate(mtry(), range = c(1, NA))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     range_validate(mtry(), range = c(1, unknown()), FALSE)
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     range_validate(mtry(), range = letters[1:2])
   )
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-encode_unit.R b/tests/testthat/test-encode_unit.R
index ec0cb75e..6856a118 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-encode_unit.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-encode_unit.R
@@ -48,45 +48,45 @@ test_that('bad args', {
   z_0 <- encode_unit(z, prune_method()$values, direction = "forward")
   x_0 <- encode_unit(x, 2:7, direction = "forward")
 
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(2, prune_method()$values, direction = "forward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(z, prune_method()$values, direction = "forwards")
   )
 
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(x, prune_method()$values, direction = "forward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(z, 1, direction = "forward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(x, matrix(letters[1:4], ncol = 2), direction = "forward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(x, matrix(1:4, ncol = 2), direction = "forward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(z, 1, direction = "forward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(z, matrix(1:4, ncol = 2), direction = "forward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(z, matrix(letters[1:4], ncol = 2), direction = "forward")
   )
 
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(x, prune_method()$values, direction = "backward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(z, prune_method()$values, direction = "backward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(x, 1:2, direction = "backward")
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     encode_unit(z, 1:2, direction = "backward")
   )
 })
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-finalize.R b/tests/testthat/test-finalize.R
index 3be8187d..bf291df0 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-finalize.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-finalize.R
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 suppressMessages(library(kernlab))
 
 test_that('estimate columns', {
-  expect_error(get_p(1:10))
-  expect_error(get_p(1:10, 1:10))
-  expect_error(get_p(mtry(), 1:10))
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE, get_p(1:10))
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE, get_p(1:10, 1:10))
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE, get_p(mtry(), 1:10))
 
   expect_equal(
     range_get(get_p(mtry(), mtcars)),
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ test_that('estimate columns', {
 
 
 test_that('estimate rows', {
-  expect_error(get_n(1:10))
-  expect_error(get_n(1:10, 1:10))
-  expect_error(get_n(mtry(), 1:10))
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE, get_n(1:10))
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE, get_n(1:10, 1:10))
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE, get_n(mtry(), 1:10))
 
   expect_equal(
     range_get(get_n_frac(mtry_long(), mtcars, log_vals = TRUE), original = FALSE),
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ test_that('estimate rows', {
 
 
 test_that('estimate sigma', {
-  expect_error(get_rbf_range(rbf_sigma(), iris))
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE, get_rbf_range(rbf_sigma(), iris))
 
   run_1 <- range_get(get_rbf_range(rbf_sigma(), mtcars, seed = 5624))
   run_2 <- range_get(get_rbf_range(rbf_sigma(), mtcars, seed = 5624))
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-grids.R b/tests/testthat/test-grids.R
index d65996e7..444d296c 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-grids.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-grids.R
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ test_that('regular grid', {
   expect_error(
     grid_regular()
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     grid_regular(mixture(), trees(), levels = 1:4)
   )
   expect_equal(
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-misc.R b/tests/testthat/test-misc.R
index ec732bd8..79a0fb60 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-misc.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-misc.R
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 test_that('package install checks', {
 
-  expect_error(dials:::check_installs("pistachio"))
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE, dials:::check_installs("pistachio"))
   expect_error(
     dials:::check_installs("dials"),
     NA
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-space_filling.R b/tests/testthat/test-space_filling.R
index 62fae48f..dfb49b41 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-space_filling.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-space_filling.R
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ test_that('max entropy designs', {
       original = FALSE
     )
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     grid_max_entropy(
       mtry(),
       size = 11,
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ test_that('latin square designs', {
       original = FALSE
     )
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     grid_latin_hypercube(
       mtry(),
       size = 11,
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-values.R b/tests/testthat/test-values.R
index 9b47e495..5452c7d4 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-values.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-values.R
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
 
 test_that('transforms with unknowns', {
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     value_transform(penalty(), unknown())
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     value_transform(penalty(), c(unknown(), 1, unknown()))
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     value_inverse(penalty(), unknown())
   )
-  expect_error(
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
     value_inverse(penalty(), c(unknown(), 1, unknown()))
   )
 })
 
 
 test_that('transforms', {
+  skip_if_below_r_version("3.5")
   expect_equal(
     value_transform(penalty(), 1:3), log10(1:3)
   )
@@ -301,3 +302,9 @@ test_that('sampling - character and logical', {
     sort(unique(value_sample(prune(), 500))), sort(prune()$values)
   )
 })
+
+test_that("validate unknowns", {
+  expect_snapshot(error = TRUE,
+    value_validate(mtry(), 17)
+  )
+})