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sidebar_position: 2 | ||
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# 次序統計量(Order Statistics) | ||
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$X_1,\cdots,X_n\overset{\text{iid}}{\sim}$ pdf $f(x)$ | ||
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$\implies$ order stat $X_{(1)}\le X_{(2)}\le\cdots\le X_{(n)}$ not indep | ||
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Goal: find pdf of $X_{(k)}$ | ||
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$$ | ||
f_{X_{(n)}}(x)=n\cdot f(x)\cdot F(x)^{n-1} | ||
$$ | ||
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$$ | ||
f_{X_{(1)}}(x)=n\cdot f(x)\cdot (1-F(x))^{n-1} | ||
$$ | ||
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$$ | ||
f_{X_{(k)}}(x)=\frac{n!}{(k-1)!(n-k)!}f(x)\cdot F(x)^{k-1}\cdot(1-F(x))^{n-k} | ||
$$ | ||
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以上公示可以解釋為四個部分: | ||
- $\frac{n!}{(k-1)!(n-k)!}$: 將 $n$ 個 $X$ 分成三組,數量分別為 $k-1,1,n-k$ 的組合數。 | ||
- $F(x)^{k-1}$: 前 $k-1$ 個 $X$ 都小於等於 $x$ 的機率。 | ||
- $(1-F(x))^{n-k}$: 後 $n-k$ 個 $X$ 都大於 $x$ 的機率。 | ||
- $f(x)$: 第 $k$ 個 $X$ 剛好等於 $x$ 的機率。 | ||
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joint pdf of $X_{(i)},X_{(j)},i<j$ is | ||
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$$ | ||
f_{X_{(i)},X_{(j)}}(s,t)=\frac{n!}{(i-1)!(j-i-1)!(n-j)!}f(s)f(t)F(s)^{i-1}[F(t)-F(s)]^{j-i-1}[1-F(t)]^{n-j} | ||
$$ | ||
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joint pdf of $X_{(1)},X_{(2)},\cdots,X_{(n)}$ | ||
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$$ | ||
f_{X_{(1)},X_{(2)},\cdots,X_{(n)}(t_1,t_2,\cdots,t_n)}=n!f(t_1)f(t_2)\cdots f(t_n)=n!\prod_{i=1}^n f(t_i)\quad\text{where }t_1<t_2<\cdots<t_n | ||
$$ | ||
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--- | ||
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**EX**: $X_1,\cdots,X_n\overset{\text{iid}}{\sim}U(0,1)$ | ||
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$$ | ||
\begin{align*} | ||
f_{X_{(i)}}(x)&=\frac{n!}{(i-1)!(n-i)!}F(x)^{i-1}[1-F(x)]^{n-i}f(x)\\ | ||
&=\frac{n!}{(i-1)!(n-i)!}x^{i-1}(1-x)^{n-i}\quad\text{where }0<x<1 | ||
\end{align*} | ||
$$ | ||
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i.e. $X_{i}\sim \text{Beta}(i,n-i+1)$ | ||
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$Y_1,\cdots,Y_n\overset{\text{iid}}{\sim} N(\mu,\sigma^2)$ | ||
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$$ | ||
\implies\Phi(\frac{Y_i-\mu}{\sigma})\sim U(0,1)\implies \Phi(\frac{Y_{(i)}-\mu}{\sigma})\sim \text{Beta}(i,n-i+1) | ||
$$ | ||
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--- | ||
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**EX**: $X_1,\cdots,X_n\overset{\text{iid}}{\sim} \text{Exp}(\lambda)=\text{Gamma}(1,\frac{1}{\lambda})$ | ||
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1. pdf of $X_{(1)}$ | ||
$$ | ||
\begin{align*} | ||
f_{X_{(1)}}(x)&=n(1-F(x))^{n-1}f(x)\\ | ||
&=n(1-e^{-\lambda x})^{n-1}\lambda e^{-\lambda x}\\ | ||
&=n\lambda e^{-n\lambda x} | ||
\end{align*} | ||
$$ | ||
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i.e. $X_{(1)}\sim \text{Exp}(n\lambda)$ | ||
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2. jpdf of $X_1,\cdots,X_n$ | ||
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$$ | ||
f_{X_{(1)},X_{(2)},\cdots,X_{(n)}}(t_1,t_2,\cdots,t_n)=n!\prod_{i=1}^n\lambda e^{-\lambda t_i}=n!\lambda^n e^{-\lambda\sum_{i=1}^n t_i} | ||
$$ | ||
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--- | ||
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$X_1,\cdots,X_n\overset{\text{iid}}{\sim} \exp(\lambda)$ 是事件發生的時間。將事件發生時間排序後,兩個事件相隔的時間就是等待時間。 | ||
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$$ | ||
\begin{align*} | ||
Y_1&=X_{(1)}\\ | ||
Y_2&=X_{(2)}-X_{(1)}\\ | ||
\vdots\\ | ||
Y_n&=X_{(n)}-X_{(n-1)} | ||
\end{align*}\implies\begin{align*} | ||
X_{(1)}&=Y_1\\ | ||
X_{(2)}&=Y_1+Y_2\\ | ||
\vdots\\ | ||
X_{(n)}&=Y_1+Y_2+\cdots+Y_n | ||
\end{align*}\implies J=\det\begin{pmatrix} | ||
1&0&0&\cdots&0\\ | ||
1&1&0&\cdots&0\\ | ||
1&1&1&\cdots&0\\ | ||
\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ | ||
1&1&1&\cdots&1 | ||
\end{pmatrix}=1 | ||
$$ | ||
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$$ | ||
\begin{align*} | ||
\implies f_{Y_1,\cdots,Y_n}(y_1,\cdots,y_n)&=f_{X_{(1)},\cdots,X_{(n)}}(y_1,y_1+y_2,\cdots,y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n)|J|\\ | ||
&=n!\lambda^n \exp(y_1+(y_1+y_2)+\cdots+(y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n))\\ | ||
&=(n\lambda)e^{-n\lambda y_1}\cdot (n-1)e^{-(n-1)\lambda y_2}\cdots \lambda e^{-\lambda y_n}\\ | ||
&=\exp(n\lambda)\cdot\exp((n-1)\lambda)\cdots\exp(\lambda) | ||
\end{align*} | ||
$$ | ||
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i.e. $Y_1,\cdot Y_n$ are independent $\text{Exp}(\lambda)$ |