Add proper error for attempted use of undef slot

Fixes the segfault in #50518 and turns it into a proper error at
both the syntax level (to catch lowering generating bad slot references)
as well as at the codegen level (to catch e.g. bad generated functions
and opaque closures). However, note that the latter case is technically
undefined behavior, because we do not model the possibility that an
otherwise-defined argument could throw at access time. Of course,
throwing an error is allowable as undefined behavior and preferable
to a segfault.

src/codegen.cpp

@@ -4921,6 +4921,12 @@ static jl_cgval_t emit_local(jl_codectx_t &ctx, jl_value_t *slotload)
     size_t sl = jl_slot_number(slotload) - 1;
     jl_varinfo_t &vi = ctx.slots[sl];
     jl_sym_t *sym = slot_symbol(ctx, sl);
+    if (sym == jl_unused_sym) {
+        // This shouldn't happen in well-formed input, but let's be robust,
+        // since we otherwise cause undefined behavior here.
+        emit_error(ctx, "(INTERNAL ERROR): Tried to use `#undef#` argument.");
+        return jl_cgval_t();
+    }
     return emit_varinfo(ctx, vi, sym);
 }
 

src/julia-syntax.scm

@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
                                   (if (eq? n '|#self#|) (gensy) n))
                                 arg-names))))
     (let ((body (insert-after-meta body  ;; don't specialize on generator arguments
-                                   `((meta nospecialize ,@arg-names)))))
+                                   `((meta nospecialize ,@(map (lambda (idx) `(slot ,(+ idx 1))) (iota (length arg-names))))))))
       `(block
         (global ,name)
         (function (call ,name ,@arg-names) ,body)))))
@@ -5051,7 +5051,8 @@ f(x) = yt(x)
     (define slot-table (symbol-to-idx-map (map car (car (lam:vinfo lam)))))
     (define sp-table (symbol-to-idx-map (lam:sp lam)))
     (define (renumber-stuff e)
-      (cond ((symbol? e)
+      (cond ((eq? e UNUSED) (error "Attempted to use slot marked unused"))
+            ((symbol? e)
              (let ((idx (get slot-table e #f)))
                (if idx
                    `(slot ,idx)

test/syntax.jl

@@ -3507,3 +3507,8 @@ let x = 1 => 2
     @test_throws ErrorException @eval a => b = 2
     @test_throws "function Base.=> must be explicitly imported to be extended" @eval a => b = 2
 end
+
+# Test that bad lowering does not segfault (ref #50518)
+@test_throws ErrorException("syntax: Attempted to use slot marked unused") @eval function funused50518(::Float64)
+    $(Symbol("#unused#"))
+end