clang-tidy: address some new warnings, squelch others.

[hzeller]

The previous clang-tidy settings were for clang-tidy-14, this prepares for all clang-tidy-17 warnings to be addressed (or ignored).

For now, we just run with tidy 15 on CI.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: 10 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (31182be) 92.96% compared to head (9f3f86a) 92.92%.
Report is 2 commits behind head on master.

Files	Patch %	Lines
common/formatting/align.cc	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
common/strings/patch.cc	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
...nalysis/checkers/truncated_numeric_literal_rule.cc	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
...nalysis/checkers/undersized_binary_literal_rule.cc	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
verilog/analysis/flow_tree.cc	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️

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Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #2086      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   92.96%   92.92%   -0.04%     
==========================================
  Files         358      358              
  Lines       26563    26582      +19     
==========================================
+ Hits        24693    24701       +8     
- Misses       1870     1881      +11     

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