Rust serialization benchmark

The goal of these benchmarks is to provide thorough and complete benchmarks for various rust serialization frameworks.

These benchmarks are a work in progress

These benchmarks are still being developed and pull requests to improve benchmarks are welcome.

Interactive site

Calculate the number of messages per second that can be sent/received with various rust serialization frameworks and compression libraries. Documentation

Format

All tests benchmark the following properties (time or size):

• Serialize: serialize data into a buffer
• Deserialize: deserializes a buffer into a normal rust object
• Borrow: deserializes a buffer into a rust object that borrows string data from the input, with lifetime
• Size: the size of the buffer when serialized
• Zlib: the size of the buffer after zlib compression
• Zstd: the size of the buffer after zstd compression
• Zstd Time: the time taken to compress the serialized buffer with zstd

Zero-copy deserialization libraries have an additional set of benchmarks:

• Access: accesses a buffer as structured data
• Read: runs through a buffer and reads fields out of it
• Update: updates a buffer as structured data

Some benchmark results may be italicized and followed by an asterisk. Mouse over these for more details on what situation was benchmarked. Other footnotes are located at the bottom.

Last updated: 2025-02-27 13:51:14

Runtime info

rustc version

rustc 1.87.0-nightly (00f245915 2025-02-26)
binary: rustc
commit-hash: 00f245915b0c7839d42c26f9628220c4f1b93bf6
commit-date: 2025-02-26
host: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
release: 1.87.0-nightly
LLVM version: 20.1.0

CPU info

Architecture:                         x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):                       32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:                        48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Byte Order:                           Little Endian
CPU(s):                               4
On-line CPU(s) list:                  0-3
Vendor ID:                            AuthenticAMD
Model name:                           AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor
CPU family:                           25
Model:                                1
Thread(s) per core:                   2
Core(s) per socket:                   2
Socket(s):                            1
Stepping:                             1
BogoMIPS:                             4890.86
Flags:                                fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc cpuid extd_apicid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw topoext vmmcall fsgsbase bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves user_shstk clzero xsaveerptr rdpru arat npt nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold v_vmsave_vmload umip vaes vpclmulqdq rdpid fsrm
Virtualization:                       AMD-V
Hypervisor vendor:                    Microsoft
Virtualization type:                  full
L1d cache:                            64 KiB (2 instances)
L1i cache:                            64 KiB (2 instances)
L2 cache:                             1 MiB (2 instances)
L3 cache:                             32 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                         1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                    0-3
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:   Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:          Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                   Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                    Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:               Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:        Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling: Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:               Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:   Vulnerable: Safe RET, no microcode
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:      Vulnerable
Vulnerability Spectre v1:             Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:             Mitigation; Retpolines; STIBP disabled; RSB filling; PBRSB-eIBRS Not affected; BHI Not affected
Vulnerability Srbds:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:        Not affected

log

This data set is composed of HTTP request logs that are small and contain many strings.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	495.86 µs* 430.99 µs*	2.7176 ms	890.66 µs	804955	328941	284849	4.0743 ms
bincode 2.0.0-rc	271.37 µs	2.5758 ms	†	741295	303944	256422	3.5886 ms
bincode 1.3.3	547.13 µs	2.0366 ms	626.73 µs	1045784	373127	311553	4.4063 ms
bitcode 0.6.4	145.73 µs	1.4502 ms	60.293 µs	703710	288826	227322	2.3355 ms
borsh 1.5.3	554.92 µs	2.1465 ms	†	885780	362204	286248	3.8268 ms
capnp 0.20.3	507.30 µs	†	†	1443216	513986	426532	6.1444 ms
cbor4ii 0.3.3	707.38 µs	5.1556 ms	3.4459 ms	1407835	403440	323561	5.1362 ms
ciborium 0.2.2	4.0563 ms	12.004 ms	†	1407835	403440	323561	4.9212 ms
databuf 0.5.0	262.59 µs	2.0634 ms	676.77 µs	765778	311715	263914	3.4331 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	745.50 µs	2.5618 ms	†	724953	301446	253056	3.2165 ms
flatbuffers 24.12.23	1.0246 ms	†	†	1276368	468539	388381	4.7610 ms
minicbor 0.25.1	653.92 µs	2.9574 ms	1.4493 ms	817830	332671	284034	4.3264 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	5.4001 ms	4.0805 ms	2.6535 ms	818669	332556	284797	4.1119 ms
nanoserde 0.1.37	245.08 µs	2.0927 ms	†	1045784	373127	311553	4.2014 ms
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	655.68 µs	2.1794 ms	†	765778	311743	263822	3.4889 ms
postcard 1.1.1	428.30 µs	2.2649 ms	898.78 µs	724953	302399	252968	3.1628 ms
pot 3.0.1	2.3786 ms	6.5230 ms	4.9104 ms	971922	372513	303636	4.2738 ms
prost 0.13.4	938.84 µs* 2.4224 ms*	3.5434 ms	†	884628	363130	314959	4.3771 ms
protobuf 3.7.1	1.1456 ms* 2.9176 ms*	3.9356 ms	†	884628	363130	314959	4.4967 ms
rkyv 0.8.9	242.07 µs	1.5483 ms* 1.9351 ms*	†	1011488	393526	325965	4.5393 ms
rmp-serde 1.3.0	1.5068 ms	3.0875 ms	1.4426 ms	784997	325384	277608	3.7450 ms
ron 0.8.1	9.6519 ms	14.979 ms	13.839 ms	1607459	449158	349324	5.4926 ms
savefile 0.18.5	188.80 µs	2.1601 ms	†	1045800	373139	311562	4.2967 ms
serde-brief 0.1.0	1.5285 ms	4.6560 ms	3.0139 ms	1584946	413733	339964	4.8636 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	696.08 µs	2.1128 ms	†	765778	311715	263914	3.5798 ms
serde_cbor 0.11.2	2.0778 ms	4.5459 ms	3.2040 ms	1407835	403440	323561	4.7145 ms
serde_json 1.0.134	3.7889 ms	5.7985 ms	†	1827461	470560	360727	5.4685 ms
simd-json 0.14.3	2.0828 ms	4.6716 ms	†	1827461	470560	360727	5.5009 ms
speedy 0.8.7	197.69 µs	1.8436 ms	366.71 µs	885780	362204	286248	3.9028 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	75.264 ns*	172.44 µs*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	2.4861 ns* 2.0654 ms*	51.151 µs* 2.0634 ms*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	1.2429 ns* 376.75 µs*	10.517 µs* 388.98 µs*	7.5718 µs*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	29.39%* 33.81%*	53.36%	6.77%	87.42%	87.80%	79.80%	57.32%
bincode 2.0.0-rc	53.70%	56.30%	†	94.93%	95.03%	88.65%	65.08%
bincode 1.3.3	26.64%	71.21%	9.62%	67.29%	77.41%	72.96%	53.00%
bitcode 0.6.4	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
borsh 1.5.3	26.26%	67.56%	†	79.45%	79.74%	79.41%	61.03%
capnp 0.20.3	28.73%	†	†	48.76%	56.19%	53.30%	38.01%
cbor4ii 0.3.3	20.60%	28.13%	1.75%	49.99%	71.59%	70.26%	45.47%
ciborium 0.2.2	3.59%	12.08%	†	49.99%	71.59%	70.26%	47.46%
databuf 0.5.0	55.50%	70.28%	8.91%	91.89%	92.66%	86.13%	68.03%
dlhn 0.1.7	19.55%	56.61%	†	97.07%	95.81%	89.83%	72.61%
flatbuffers 24.12.23	14.22%	†	†	55.13%	61.64%	58.53%	49.05%
minicbor 0.25.1	22.29%	49.04%	4.16%	86.05%	86.82%	80.03%	53.98%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	2.70%	35.54%	2.27%	85.96%	86.85%	79.82%	56.80%
nanoserde 0.1.37	59.46%	69.30%	†	67.29%	77.41%	72.96%	55.59%
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	22.23%	66.54%	†	91.89%	92.65%	86.16%	66.94%
postcard 1.1.1	34.03%	64.03%	6.71%	97.07%	95.51%	89.86%	73.84%
pot 3.0.1	6.13%	22.23%	1.23%	72.40%	77.53%	74.87%	54.65%
prost 0.13.4	15.52%* 6.02%*	40.93%	†	79.55%	79.54%	72.18%	53.36%
protobuf 3.7.1	12.72%* 4.99%*	36.85%	†	79.55%	79.54%	72.18%	51.94%
rkyv 0.8.9	60.20%	93.66%* 74.94%*	†	69.57%	73.39%	69.74%	51.45%
rmp-serde 1.3.0	9.67%	46.97%	4.18%	89.64%	88.76%	81.89%	62.36%
ron 0.8.1	1.51%	9.68%	0.44%	43.78%	64.30%	65.07%	42.52%
savefile 0.18.5	77.19%	67.14%	†	67.29%	77.40%	72.96%	54.36%
serde-brief 0.1.0	9.53%	31.15%	2.00%	44.40%	69.81%	66.87%	48.02%
serde_bare 0.5.0	20.94%	68.64%	†	91.89%	92.66%	86.13%	65.24%
serde_cbor 0.11.2	7.01%	31.90%	1.88%	49.99%	71.59%	70.26%	49.54%
serde_json 1.0.134	3.85%	25.01%	†	38.51%	61.38%	63.02%	42.71%
simd-json 0.14.3	7.00%	31.04%	†	38.51%	61.38%	63.02%	42.46%
speedy 0.8.7	73.72%	78.66%	16.44%	79.45%	79.74%	79.41%	59.84%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	1.65%*	6.10%*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	49.99%* 0.00%*	20.56%* 0.51%*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 2.70%*	100.00%*

mesh

This data set is a single mesh. The mesh contains an array of triangles, each of which has three vertices and a normal vector.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	6.7440 ms* 8.8321 ms*	7.9798 ms	8625005	6443961	6231572	73.581 ms
bincode 2.0.0-rc	2.4127 ms	1.0256 ms	6000005	5378497	5346882	8.7841 ms
bincode 1.3.3	5.1636 ms	964.07 µs	6000008	5378500	5346908	8.8169 ms
bitcode 0.6.4	1.4644 ms	801.42 µs	6000006	5182295	4921841	14.244 ms
borsh 1.5.3	5.9375 ms	4.2362 ms	6000004	5378496	5346866	8.9259 ms
capnp 0.20.3	6.7056 ms	†	14000088	7130367	6046182	83.690 ms
cbor4ii 0.3.3	9.9244 ms	52.301 ms	13125016	7524114	6757437	93.567 ms
ciborium 0.2.2	73.969 ms	119.77 ms	13122324	7524660	6759128	93.292 ms
databuf 0.5.0	2.4128 ms	5.2888 ms	6000003	5378495	5346897	8.9158 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	6.2987 ms	7.0106 ms	6000003	5378495	5346897	8.9180 ms
flatbuffers 24.12.23	883.50 µs	†	6000024	5378434	5346878	9.0914 ms
minicbor 0.25.1	6.0506 ms	11.486 ms	8125006	6494907	6390894	73.011 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	117.63 ms	32.356 ms	8125037	6493484	6386940	72.069 ms
nanoserde 0.1.37	1.2684 ms	1.1092 ms	6000008	5378500	5346908	8.8954 ms
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	5.1146 ms	3.9843 ms	6000004	5378496	5346866	8.9412 ms
postcard 1.1.1	479.27 µs	1.1614 ms	6000003	5378495	5346897	8.9327 ms
pot 3.0.1	39.229 ms	70.947 ms	10122342	6814618	6852252	83.894 ms
prost 0.13.4	7.8194 ms* 8.4732 ms*	14.608 ms	8750000	6665735	6421877	74.493 ms
protobuf 3.7.1	14.055 ms* 30.336 ms*	32.070 ms	8750000	6665735	6421877	80.981 ms
rkyv 0.8.9	195.87 µs	200.96 µs* 201.04 µs*	6000008	5378500	5346872	8.7485 ms
rmp-serde 1.3.0	18.441 ms	17.417 ms	8125006	6494876	6391037	80.576 ms
ron 0.8.1	175.08 ms	239.64 ms	22192885	8970395	8137334	151.19 ms
savefile 0.18.5	187.13 µs	199.59 µs	6000024	5378519	5346896	8.9666 ms
serde-brief 0.1.0	22.743 ms	40.922 ms	15750015	8024540	6813667	95.600 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	5.1929 ms	4.8207 ms	6000003	5378495	5346897	8.7445 ms
serde_cbor 0.11.2	36.307 ms	45.598 ms	13122324	7524660	6759128	92.092 ms
serde_json 1.0.134	87.767 ms	90.218 ms	26192883	9566084	8584671	159.64 ms
simd-json 0.14.3	51.707 ms	70.099 ms	26192883	9566084	8584671	159.60 ms
speedy 0.8.7	190.99 µs	184.08 µs	6000004	5378496	5346866	8.6737 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	104.33 ns*	2.3215 ms*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	2.4940 ns* 40.120 ns*	52.541 µs* 77.872 µs*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	1.2466 ns* 4.9903 ns*	58.426 µs* 38.940 µs*	101.64 µs*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	2.77%* 2.12%*	2.31%	69.57%	80.42%	78.98%	11.79%
bincode 2.0.0-rc	7.76%	17.95%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	98.74%
bincode 1.3.3	3.62%	19.09%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	98.38%
bitcode 0.6.4	12.78%	22.97%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	60.89%
borsh 1.5.3	3.15%	4.35%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	97.17%
capnp 0.20.3	2.79%	†	42.86%	72.68%	81.40%	10.36%
cbor4ii 0.3.3	1.89%	0.35%	45.71%	68.88%	72.84%	9.27%
ciborium 0.2.2	0.25%	0.15%	45.72%	68.87%	72.82%	9.30%
databuf 0.5.0	7.76%	3.48%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	97.28%
dlhn 0.1.7	2.97%	2.63%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	97.26%
flatbuffers 24.12.23	21.18%	†	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	95.41%
minicbor 0.25.1	3.09%	1.60%	73.85%	79.79%	77.01%	11.88%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	0.16%	0.57%	73.85%	79.81%	77.06%	12.04%
nanoserde 0.1.37	14.75%	16.60%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	97.51%
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	3.66%	4.62%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	97.01%
postcard 1.1.1	39.04%	15.85%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	97.10%
pot 3.0.1	0.48%	0.26%	59.27%	76.05%	71.83%	10.34%
prost 0.13.4	2.39%* 2.21%*	1.26%	68.57%	77.75%	76.64%	11.64%
protobuf 3.7.1	1.33%* 0.62%*	0.57%	68.57%	77.75%	76.64%	10.71%
rkyv 0.8.9	95.54%	91.60%* 91.56%*	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	99.14%
rmp-serde 1.3.0	1.01%	1.06%	73.85%	79.79%	77.01%	10.76%
ron 0.8.1	0.11%	0.08%	27.04%	57.77%	60.48%	5.74%
savefile 0.18.5	100.00%	92.23%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	96.73%
serde-brief 0.1.0	0.82%	0.45%	38.10%	64.58%	72.23%	9.07%
serde_bare 0.5.0	3.60%	3.82%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	99.19%
serde_cbor 0.11.2	0.52%	0.40%	45.72%	68.87%	72.82%	9.42%
serde_json 1.0.134	0.21%	0.20%	22.91%	54.17%	57.33%	5.43%
simd-json 0.14.3	0.36%	0.26%	22.91%	54.17%	57.33%	5.43%
speedy 0.8.7	97.98%	100.00%	100.00%	96.35%	92.05%	100.00%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	1.19%*	1.68%*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	49.98%* 3.11%*	74.11%* 50.01%*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%* 24.98%*	66.65%* 100.00%*	100.00%*

minecraft_savedata

This data set is composed of Minecraft player saves that contain highly structured data.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	922.41 µs* 839.49 µs*	3.2147 ms	1.7642 ms	489348	281173	249360	2.6808 ms
bincode 2.0.0-rc	263.19 µs	2.1820 ms	†	367413	221291	206242	2.0275 ms
bincode 1.3.3	600.10 µs	1.8118 ms	873.31 µs	569975	240525	231884	2.5055 ms
bitcode 0.6.4	128.29 µs	1.2565 ms	170.99 µs	327688	200947	182040	749.08 µs
borsh 1.5.3	544.22 µs	1.8135 ms	†	446595	234236	209834	2.0675 ms
capnp 0.20.3	440.01 µs	†	†	803896	335606	280744	3.5363 ms
cbor4ii 0.3.3	810.44 µs	4.9176 ms	3.6375 ms	1109831	344745	274333	3.4829 ms
ciborium 0.2.2	3.7110 ms	10.293 ms	†	1109821	344751	274345	3.6470 ms
databuf 0.5.0	310.99 µs	1.7067 ms	775.89 µs	356311	213062	198403	2.0211 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	771.43 µs	2.5964 ms	†	366496	220600	205586	2.0707 ms
flatbuffers 24.12.23	3.2332 ms	†	†	844168	345696	293916	3.6245 ms
minicbor 0.25.1	557.15 µs	3.4117 ms	1.9195 ms	428773	249857	228630	2.3833 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	5.0277 ms	4.1354 ms	2.9855 ms	449745	252432	230965	2.4173 ms
nanoserde 0.1.37	278.02 µs	1.9562 ms	†	567975	239930	231872	2.5355 ms
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	619.76 µs	1.9510 ms	†	356311	212976	198423	1.9418 ms
postcard 1.1.1	447.49 µs	2.1026 ms	815.94 µs	367489	221913	207244	2.1160 ms
pot 3.0.1	2.3910 ms	6.1911 ms	5.1398 ms	599125	299158	247675	2.7483 ms
prost 0.13.4	1.2821 ms* 3.0142 ms*	3.7261 ms	†	596811	305319	268737	3.0301 ms
protobuf 3.7.1	1.0062 ms* 2.9517 ms*	3.9549 ms	†	596811	305319	268737	2.9920 ms
rkyv 0.8.9	347.42 µs	1.5014 ms* 1.8877 ms*	†	603776	254776	219421	2.3100 ms
rmp-serde 1.3.0	1.5081 ms	3.0763 ms	1.7122 ms	424533	245214	226077	2.3436 ms
ron 0.8.1	6.9034 ms	16.881 ms	15.232 ms	1465223	434935	342907	5.5727 ms
savefile 0.18.5	207.10 µs	1.8372 ms	†	566991	239362	231478	2.9373 ms
serde-brief 0.1.0	1.3503 ms	5.2883 ms	3.7186 ms	1276014	373898	293384	3.6465 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	760.42 µs	2.4126 ms	†	356311	213062	198403	1.9320 ms
serde_cbor 0.11.2	1.8864 ms	4.7545 ms	3.3615 ms	1109821	344751	274345	3.4375 ms
serde_json 1.0.134	3.6937 ms	6.6450 ms	†	1623191	466527	359157	5.7557 ms
simd-json 0.14.3	2.2126 ms	4.6060 ms	†	1623191	466527	359157	5.7381 ms
speedy 0.8.7	263.50 µs	1.6074 ms	583.68 µs	449595	234970	210192	2.3608 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	73.625 ns*	564.15 ns*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	2.4859 ns* 2.2064 ms*	1.3627 µs* 2.2169 ms*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	1.2433 ns* 371.28 µs*	164.36 ns* 370.29 µs*	776.21 ns*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	13.91%* 15.28%*	39.09%	9.69%	66.96%	71.47%	73.00%	27.94%
bincode 2.0.0-rc	48.74%	57.58%	†	89.19%	90.81%	88.27%	36.95%
bincode 1.3.3	21.38%	69.35%	19.58%	57.49%	83.55%	78.50%	29.90%
bitcode 0.6.4	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
borsh 1.5.3	23.57%	69.29%	†	73.37%	85.79%	86.75%	36.23%
capnp 0.20.3	29.16%	†	†	40.76%	59.88%	64.84%	21.18%
cbor4ii 0.3.3	15.83%	25.55%	4.70%	29.53%	58.29%	66.36%	21.51%
ciborium 0.2.2	3.46%	12.21%	†	29.53%	58.29%	66.35%	20.54%
databuf 0.5.0	41.25%	73.62%	22.04%	91.97%	94.31%	91.75%	37.06%
dlhn 0.1.7	16.63%	48.39%	†	89.41%	91.09%	88.55%	36.18%
flatbuffers 24.12.23	3.97%	†	†	38.82%	58.13%	61.94%	20.67%
minicbor 0.25.1	23.03%	36.83%	8.91%	76.42%	80.42%	79.62%	31.43%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	2.55%	30.38%	5.73%	72.86%	79.60%	78.82%	30.99%
nanoserde 0.1.37	46.14%	64.23%	†	57.69%	83.75%	78.51%	29.54%
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	20.70%	64.40%	†	91.97%	94.35%	91.74%	38.58%
postcard 1.1.1	28.67%	59.76%	20.96%	89.17%	90.55%	87.84%	35.40%
pot 3.0.1	5.37%	20.30%	3.33%	54.69%	67.17%	73.50%	27.26%
prost 0.13.4	10.01%* 4.26%*	33.72%	†	54.91%	65.82%	67.74%	24.72%
protobuf 3.7.1	12.75%* 4.35%*	31.77%	†	54.91%	65.82%	67.74%	25.04%
rkyv 0.8.9	36.93%	83.69%* 66.56%*	†	54.27%	78.87%	82.96%	32.43%
rmp-serde 1.3.0	8.51%	40.84%	9.99%	77.19%	81.95%	80.52%	31.96%
ron 0.8.1	1.86%	7.44%	1.12%	22.36%	46.20%	53.09%	13.44%
savefile 0.18.5	61.95%	68.39%	†	57.79%	83.95%	78.64%	25.50%
serde-brief 0.1.0	9.50%	23.76%	4.60%	25.68%	53.74%	62.05%	20.54%
serde_bare 0.5.0	16.87%	52.08%	†	91.97%	94.31%	91.75%	38.77%
serde_cbor 0.11.2	6.80%	26.43%	5.09%	29.53%	58.29%	66.35%	21.79%
serde_json 1.0.134	3.47%	18.91%	†	20.19%	43.07%	50.69%	13.01%
simd-json 0.14.3	5.80%	27.28%	†	20.19%	43.07%	50.69%	13.05%
speedy 0.8.7	48.69%	78.17%	29.30%	72.89%	85.52%	86.61%	31.73%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	1.69%*	29.13%*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	50.01%* 0.00%*	12.06%* 0.01%*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 0.04%*	100.00%*

mk48

This data set is composed of mk48.io game updates that contain data with many exploitable patterns and invariants.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	4.5458 ms* 2.5840 ms*	8.4303 ms	1704643	1294259	1245668	11.977 ms
bincode 2.0.0-rc	1.1952 ms	3.9661 ms	1406257	1117802	1062438	9.5806 ms
bincode 1.3.3	4.0075 ms	4.2227 ms	1854234	1141994	1048745	10.495 ms
bitcode 0.6.4	719.41 µs	2.3554 ms	971318	878034	850340	2.9472 ms
borsh 1.5.3	2.8405 ms	2.8933 ms	1521989	1108471	1038528	10.131 ms
capnp 0.20.3	2.2697 ms	†	2724288	1546992	1239111	14.824 ms
cbor4ii 0.3.3	3.0693 ms	19.186 ms	6012539	1695215	1464951	22.672 ms
ciborium 0.2.2	23.549 ms	56.427 ms	6012373	1695146	1465025	22.057 ms
databuf 0.5.0	1.3199 ms	3.7914 ms	1319999	1062631	1008334	9.7791 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	4.8855 ms	6.8251 ms	1311281	1077520	1046095	8.8510 ms
flatbuffers 24.12.23	5.1979 ms	†	2325620	1440289	1264800	14.304 ms
minicbor 0.25.1	2.2901 ms	11.434 ms	1777386	1276218	1252558	13.305 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	29.502 ms	17.882 ms	1770060	1277755	1263362	12.756 ms
nanoserde 0.1.37	1.2871 ms	2.9366 ms	1812404	1134820	1053109	10.285 ms
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	3.1536 ms	3.1395 ms	1319999	1064380	1010708	9.2079 ms
postcard 1.1.1	1.9281 ms	4.2525 ms	1311281	1083900	1041434	8.8301 ms
pot 3.0.1	14.149 ms	29.813 ms	2604812	1482233	1298928	16.430 ms
prost 0.13.4	5.4633 ms* 9.4155 ms*	9.5378 ms	1859886	1338076	1295351	12.627 ms
protobuf 3.7.1	5.4896 ms* 12.913 ms*	12.712 ms	1859886	1338076	1295351	12.754 ms
rkyv 0.8.9	968.04 µs	2.1693 ms* 2.5915 ms*	2075936	1383779	1210377	13.383 ms
rmp-serde 1.3.0	10.202 ms	11.274 ms	1745322	1261627	1228923	11.953 ms
ron 0.8.1	38.074 ms	88.243 ms	8677703	2233642	1826180	35.104 ms
savefile 0.18.5	850.85 µs	2.7432 ms	1791505	1128012	1051153	10.466 ms
serde-brief 0.1.0	6.7928 ms	21.484 ms	6951772	1796265	1567819	24.285 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	4.9216 ms	4.8011 ms	1319999	1062645	1008349	9.1808 ms
serde_cbor 0.11.2	10.177 ms	21.309 ms	6012373	1695146	1465025	22.325 ms
serde_json 1.0.134	20.341 ms	30.861 ms	9390461	2391679	1842767	34.753 ms
simd-json 0.14.3	11.507 ms	25.793 ms	9390461	2391679	1842767	34.628 ms
speedy 0.8.7	776.26 µs	2.3935 ms	1584734	1119837	1037992	9.9536 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	73.087 ns*	716.94 ns*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	2.4947 ns* 5.1888 ms*	2.6002 µs* 5.0817 ms*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	1.2435 ns* 414.73 µs*	420.93 ns* 415.51 µs*	233.81 ns*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	15.83%* 27.84%*	25.73%	56.98%	67.84%	68.26%	24.61%
bincode 2.0.0-rc	60.19%	54.70%	69.07%	78.55%	80.04%	30.76%
bincode 1.3.3	17.95%	51.37%	52.38%	76.89%	81.08%	28.08%
bitcode 0.6.4	100.00%	92.10%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
borsh 1.5.3	25.33%	74.98%	63.82%	79.21%	81.88%	29.09%
capnp 0.20.3	31.70%	†	35.65%	56.76%	68.63%	19.88%
cbor4ii 0.3.3	23.44%	11.31%	16.15%	51.79%	58.05%	13.00%
ciborium 0.2.2	3.05%	3.84%	16.16%	51.80%	58.04%	13.36%
databuf 0.5.0	54.50%	57.22%	73.58%	82.63%	84.33%	30.14%
dlhn 0.1.7	14.73%	31.78%	74.07%	81.49%	81.29%	33.30%
flatbuffers 24.12.23	13.84%	†	41.77%	60.96%	67.23%	20.60%
minicbor 0.25.1	31.41%	18.97%	54.65%	68.80%	67.89%	22.15%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	2.44%	12.13%	54.87%	68.72%	67.31%	23.10%
nanoserde 0.1.37	55.89%	73.87%	53.59%	77.37%	80.75%	28.66%
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	22.81%	69.10%	73.58%	82.49%	84.13%	32.01%
postcard 1.1.1	37.31%	51.01%	74.07%	81.01%	81.65%	33.38%
pot 3.0.1	5.08%	7.28%	37.29%	59.24%	65.46%	17.94%
prost 0.13.4	13.17%* 7.64%*	22.74%	52.22%	65.62%	65.65%	23.34%
protobuf 3.7.1	13.10%* 5.57%*	17.06%	52.22%	65.62%	65.65%	23.11%
rkyv 0.8.9	74.32%	100.00%* 83.71%*	46.79%	63.45%	70.25%	22.02%
rmp-serde 1.3.0	7.05%	19.24%	55.65%	69.60%	69.19%	24.66%
ron 0.8.1	1.89%	2.46%	11.19%	39.31%	46.56%	8.40%
savefile 0.18.5	84.55%	79.08%	54.22%	77.84%	80.90%	28.16%
serde-brief 0.1.0	10.59%	10.10%	13.97%	48.88%	54.24%	12.14%
serde_bare 0.5.0	14.62%	45.18%	73.58%	82.63%	84.33%	32.10%
serde_cbor 0.11.2	7.07%	10.18%	16.16%	51.80%	58.04%	13.20%
serde_json 1.0.134	3.54%	7.03%	10.34%	36.71%	46.14%	8.48%
simd-json 0.14.3	6.25%	8.41%	10.34%	36.71%	46.14%	8.51%
speedy 0.8.7	92.68%	90.63%	61.29%	78.41%	81.92%	29.61%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	1.70%*	58.71%*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	49.85%* 0.00%*	16.19%* 0.01%*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 0.10%*	100.00%*

Footnotes:

* mouse over for situational details

† this deserialization capability is not supported

‡ buffer mutation is not supported (capnp and flatbuffers may but not for rust)